Learning the signs of respiratory distress

People having trouble breathing often show signs that they are having to work harder to breathe or are not getting enough oxygen, indicating respiratory distress. Below is a list of some of the signs that may indicate that a person is working harder to breathe and may not be getting enough oxygen. It's important to learn the signs of respiratory distress to know how to respond. Always see a healthcare provider for a diagnosis:

• Breathing rate. An increase in the number of breaths per minute may mean that a person is having trouble breathing or not getting enough oxygen.

• Color changes. A bluish color seen around the mouth, on the inside of the lips, or on the fingernails may happen when a person is not getting as much oxygen as needed. The color of the skin may also appear pale or gray.

• Grunting. A grunting sound can be heard each time the person exhales. This grunting is the body's way of trying to keep air in the lungs so they will stay open.

• Nose flaring. The openings of the nose spreading open while breathing may mean that a person is having to work harder to breathe.

• Retractions. The chest appears to sink in just below the neck or under the breastbone with each breath or both. This is one way of trying to bring more air into the lungs and can also be seen under the rib cage or even in the muscles between the ribs.

• Sweating. There may be increased sweat on the head, but the skin doesn't feel warm to the touch. More often, the skin may feel cool or clammy. This may happen when the breathing rate is very fast.

• Wheezing. A tight, whistling or musical sound heard with each breath can mean that the air passages may be smaller (tighter), making it harder to breathe.

• Body position. A person may spontaneously lean forward while sitting to help take deeper breaths. This is a warning sign that they are about to collapse. 

• Speaking. A person may have difficulty talking because they are working so hard to breathe. A patient may only be able to say 2-to-3 word phrases or single words before stopping to breathe.

If you see someone with these symptoms, call 911. If the person is in a healthcare facility, tell healthcare staff right away.  You may also want to consider taking a first aid or CPR class so you are prepared for medical emergencies.